pg. 344 #1-4
1. Human exposure to ultraviolet radiation is more harmful than exposure to infrared radiation because ultraviolet can cause harsh sunburns and skin cancer.
2. Visible radiation can cause red sunsets and blue skies; visible radiation can provide energy needed for photosynthesis.
3. When solar energy strikes Earth, clouds reflect about 30% back into space and 70% moves through the atmosphere to reach Earth's surface. Energy that reaches the surface can be reflected or absorbed. Objects that absorb the Sun's UV and visible light reradiate it at lower-energy wavelengths such as infrared radiation, which is absorbed by atmospheric gases such as water, CO2, and methane. Infrared radiation can be absorbed and reradiated by atmospheric gases and Earth's surface several times before escaping into space. This "greenhouse effect" helps maintain warm temperatures on Earth.
4. A. Daytime temperatures would be colder.
B. Nighttime temperatures would freezing colder without the presence of the sun.
pg. 350 #1-6
1. 0.25 kg of carbon dioxide
2. 0.10 liters of fuel
3. 2,592,000, carbon; 64,800, fuel
pg. 233 #1-30 (except 2, 4, 9, 14, 24, 25)
1. A hydrocarbon is a compound of hydrogen and carbon, such as any of those that are the chief components of petroleum and natural gas.
3. Petroleum is mostly used as a fuel in which it is converted to gasoline that powers millions of U.S automobiles, each traveling an average of 14,000 miles annually. Other petroleum based fuels provide heat to homes and to office buildings, deliver energy to generate electricity, and power diesel engines and jet aircraft.
5. Oil is crude because it can be pumped from underground in which it varies from colorless to greenish-brown to black, and can be as fluid as water or as resistant to flow as soft tar.
6. A. 150
B. 29,081
7. Pipeline, ocean tanker, train, or barge to oil refineries.
8. CDs, sports equipment, and clothing.
10. A. United States
B. Middle East
11. North America, Central and South America, Western Europe, Central Asia, Far East, and Oceania.
12. Liquids that each have different densities that cannot mix form two separate layers, with denser liquid forming a layer below the less dense one. The layers, using a "separating funnel", can separate the layers.
13. Cyclohexane and Acetone because they have the lowest boiling points
15.
16. Simple distillation is the separation of a liquid and a solid by evaporation of the liquid and collecting it after it passes through a condenser to be changed into a liquid state, while fractional distillation is the more complex way to separate a substance. It is the separation of a liquid mixture.
17. Light: oils, kerosene, and gasoline
Middle: gas oils, fuel oils, and petrochemicals,
Heavy: grease, oil, and wax
18. The bottom since it's warmer at the bottom of the tower.
19. Continue distillation, the separation or partial separation in the components.
20. Methane, pentane, hexane, and octane.
21. The sharing of two or more valence electrons between two atoms.
22. If the outer shell of the atom is already filled with its electrons then that means it does not need to form a covalent bond because it is already full.
23. The dogs share the same sock like the electrons share the same electrons.
26. A. Information of a structural formula has the shape of the molecules (or the molecules structure) while the molecular formula does not.
B. It provides the structure, or physical description of the molecule.
27. A.
B.
28. The dots only represent the valence electrons.
29. A. C9H20
B. C16H34
C. C10H22
D. C18H38
30. A. 128 g
B. 226 g
C. 142 g
D. 254 g
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